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  • I’m Miguel Centellas, a political science professor at Mount St. Mary’s University. Because of academic interests, I post frequently on Bolivian politics. I also occasionally discuss interesting books, pop culture, and daily life in Baltimore.
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Bolivia update

July 16, 2008
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It’s been an interesting past several days in Bolivia, though I’m still not sure how either of the two controversies will end. The first revolves around a series of accusations from the opposition regarding potential vote fraud in the upcoming (August 10) recall referendum. The second involves the case of Georges Nava, the army officer arrested in connection to an explosion at a Tarija television station on the eve of that department’s autonomy referendum. (Ironically, Nava was listed as working for the army’s anti-terrorism unit.)

The first case is less troublesome to me, since such accusations of tampering w/ voter registration rolls are common. Of course, the kind of voter fraud common in machine politics (like, say, Chicago) is less likely in places like Bolivia. Fake or duplicate IDs won’t help voters get past vigilant poll station observers, since voters are required to dip their finger in permanent ink. Ballot stuffing is a more likely scenario, though poll stations are supposed to be manned by representatives from all major parties (at least in regular elections, parties are allowed to send a representative to each polling station).

But revelations that ID cards were being handed out at MAS party offices and the alleged link to Venezuelan operatives were involved are, of course, troubling. Though further revelations that some false IDs were so poorly constructed as to include pictures of scenery (rather than people’s faces) makes the effort look pathetically incompetent.

The second case is more troubling. Shortly after his arrest, Nava confessed to his role in the explosion. He was also found to be in possession of explosives & other illicit material. There’s more, of course. According to La Razón: Nava was in Venezuala days before the explosion, he had files on a USB flash drive that suggests a broader conspiracy, his car was paid for by the Venezuelan government, other documents suggest he managed an “irregular” force, or , etc. The bit about the flash drive seems so much like the FARC laptop recently captured by Colombian armed forces, that it’ll likely be believed or dismissed, based on one’s ideological convictions. But the opposition is taking it seriously, and threatened to issue an arrest for the head of the armed forces, after he declined an invitation to testify at the a Senate investigation on the incident. Yesterday, the government’s DA office removed the Senate from the investigation.

Some of the accusations sound outright fantastical. But this doesn’t make them any less possible (please note, “probable” & “possible” don’t meant the same thing). And w/ the history of covert activities in Latin American (and Bolivian in particular), one has to wonder.

All the while, Evo has been in a row w/ Peru’s president, Alán Garcia. In some ways, it’s as if Bolivia-Peru relations are like a poor man’s version of the Chávez-Uribe show (though w/o the body count). And while Evo damages relations w/ Bolivia’s oldest ally, it has decided to pursue closer economic relations w/ North Korea. David Choquehuanca’s response to questions about why, amounted to simply: “Because we can.” Certainly, the country has the ability to establish relations w/ any country it wants. But I wonder whether it’s in the best interest of a landlocked, developing country to seek economic ties to an international pariah state suffering from famine for more than a decade.

Sometimes, it all just boggles the mind.

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Comments

Governments such as Evo's need to be doing in cleaner than the other guys. While it's (seemingly) okay for the US and the UK to be best pals with Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Uzbekistan, that doesn't make it okay for Bolivia and Venezuela to be pals with North Korea.

I really would have hoped Bolivia would try to be clean in international politics and forging close relationships with, lets face it, despicable regimes such as Iran and North Korea lowers their reputation, like the US and UK have been tarnished by the own moral selectiveness.

It disappoints me that Evo would praise Cuba while that country is under the yolk of a dictatorship, or forge close relations with brutal pariah states. It comes across as immature. They should be doing it cleaner than the US and the UK and the other western powers that feel it's okay to deal with dirty regimes when it is compatible with their immediate goals.

Posted by Steve July 17, 2008 8:11 AM

    Well, I'm not sure it's "OK" for the US/UK to be friendly to undemocratic regimes, either. But I also do understand the realities of international relations. That said, I also think there's much for Bolivia to gain by a close relationships w/ Cuba (doctors, anyone?) or even Iran (it's got a significant economy, it's also an oil exporter w/ technical expertise). But North Korea? Does that country have anything to sell to Bolivia? Or anything it would buy from Bolivia? Here it seems Bolivia is making a symbolic statement of some sort (we're friends w/ US enemies, I guess). But there's nothing to be gained by the move.

    Posted by mcentellas July 17, 2008 9:03 AM

      Yes, it has been an interesting couple of weeks, but I think this post highlights certain events and jumps to conculsions, while at the same time ignoring the national political context.

      Allegations of potential voter fraud are worrisome and should be taken seriously. But this post cites no sources and gives no indication as to the scope of the alleged fraud. How many "MAS offices" were allegedly distributing the fake IDs that were so horribly constructed that they would not even serve the purpose of fraud. You also note that extra IDs would not even work if precints were controlled properly. So really we are taking about a potential, but bungled attempt, to establish a foundation for fraud, that probably would not work. Hmmmm, At the same time you fail to mention that PODEMOS and other traditional political parties are kicking themselves for agreeing to the August recall vote, especially the terms. Evo's position looks secure while at least the prefects of La Paz and Cochabamba are in jeopardy. The DC had an excellent post on this development:

      http://www.democracyctr.org/blog/2008/07/those-wacky-august-bolivian-elections.html

      Even conservative commenters on the DC blog thought that it was spot on. Now Manfred says he won't campaign and won't recognize the result, a la Evo and S.C. autonomy referendum. So, how convenient now that there are accusations of potential fraud to sow the seeds of doubt for the August vote.

      Next, frankly I haven't followed the Nava incident much, and I hope Bolivia can continue with its transformation without violence. So, invetigate Nava, punish him if guilty, and lock him up. However, the attempts to link it to an international Chavez conspiracy seem weak and a continuation of the traditional political parties' penchant for portraying Morales' as a servant to Chavez. So, Nava allegedly was in Venezuela a few days before the bombing. At least you give some sources on this one, but La Razon was quoting a single source: Patricia Poteo and the daughter of a Venezuela media magnet. Both are a rabidly anti-Chavez, so that not exactly a un-biased source and it remains unconfirmed. Otherwise the documents found on the flash drive do not establish any link with Chavez. According to La Paz there is one document that indicates Nava was supporting an "irregular" protest group and budgeted for explosives, dynamite and miguelitos, which are basically nails. Podemos Senator Roberto Ruiz said, without any evidence, that it was probable that Venezuela approved and paid for the budget. Again Ruiz is far from a neutral and there is no real evidence of Chavez link. It is a continuation of the attempts to smear Evo via unsubstantiated liks to Chavez and Bolivian internal affairs.

      You say that another documents suggest a broader conspiracy and La Razon article that you link to talks about a PowerPoint document that does a head count on who in the military is against, with, or undecided in their support of Evo. It also identifies which military installations are important to the U.S. Given the history of military coups and the current tension in the country it is not suprising that Bolvian military officers are attempting to analyze the situation and identify strengths and weaknesses. Such strategizing is common in almost any organization that faces a rival, especially the military. Where is the wider conspiracy? Nothing in the document indicates any Venezuelan involvement.

      Garcia and Morales, like all politicians have huge egos, and it seems like a clash of political and economic ideology exacerbated by arrogance. I don't think there has been any material, or at least substantial change, in the economic relationships between the two countries. And Garcia is hardly an ideal President unworthy of Evo's criticism. There was a national strike on July 10, 2008 and many Peruvians are peeved with Garcia too. Otherwise the analysis of international relations here is simplistic. Morales is trying to broaden Bolivia's international ties so as to limit the influence of and dependence on the US. Yes, reaching out to North Korea (how that is exactly happening is not clear in your post) might be a political slap in the fact to the US, but we must not forget that the US has recently improved relations with North Korea and removed Bush removed it from the axis of evil category after recent nuclear agreements were reached. In any event Evo wants trade and jobs, and being "cleaner" than other countries has nothing to do with that goal, just as China overlooks Darfur in its relations with Sudan because of economic development goals. While North Korea is in dire economic straight it is centrally located in the heart of Asia. While short-term benefits from the extended relations with North Korea might be nil, that does not mean that it is not in the long-term economic interests of Bolivia to assert itself in the Region.

      While I appreciate many of the posts, this is yet another example of highlighting anti-Evo incidents, without context and proper sources, and reiterating the partisan spiel of traditional parties without an iota of critical analysis.

      Posted by Anonymous July 17, 2008 2:09 PM

        Technical difficulties, the post above is mine and I did not mean for it to be anonymous.

        Posted by Miguel de los Shanqueros July 17, 2008 2:11 PM

          @Shanqueros: I appreciate your insights, of course. And the issue of context is important (though one could argue that the Democracy Center is also prone to ignore context—and often entire issues—when it suits its purposes to do so). But please note that I am VERY skeptical of the broader Nava allegations. On that I thought I was quite clear (I used the word "fantastical" do describe them).

          As for the ID issue: I'm sorry I didn't link to that as well, though it's been heavily covered in the Bolivian press, and even in earlier posts here & by others (but not, of course, in the Democracy Center).

          As for North Korea. Look. I even made clear that it was in Bolivia's interest to have relations w/ Cuba & Iran. There are things to gain from such a relationship, beyond just marking "independence" from US hegemony. But North Korea? Seriously. What can any country of Bolivia's economic stature have to gain from North Korea? As far as I can tell, North Korea has two main exports: nuclear technology & counterfeit US dollars. But both cost money. Is Bolivia going to buy nuclear tech from anyone? I doubt it. On the list of countries w/ "nuclear capabilities," Bolivia's gotta be near the bottom. Does Bolivia want to be flooded w/ counterfeit US currency? Again, I doubt it. And since the North Koreans can't buy anything of any worth from Bolivia, what's there to be gained?

          Posted by mcentellas July 17, 2008 2:23 PM

            Shanqueros

            I find it ironic that Shanqueros asks for more evidence, when he himself is using the same kind of vague arguments he is criticizing. Didn't we talk about straw man's arguments before?

            Let's face it, that's all we are dealing with here, ALLEGATIONS!

            How in the world can one ask for precise evidence, when the investigation is not over???

            And frankly, the democracy center is NOT the most objective source of information. I would suggest reading newspapers as well, if one wants to get a more balance view. Fortunately, there are a range of news sources now that cover the whole spectrum, to your heart's contempt.

            BTW, the SUSPICION that Chavez is behind Nava is because his rental car was ALLEGEDLY rented and paid for by the Venezuelan embassy in Bolivia. Someone has the contracts...

            Finally, one can be critical and still engage in analysis. Fortunately, it is not a black or white practice. Also, no one can be 100% unbiased. People have their opinion and that is what is valuable in this exchange. Maybe, just maybe, one can learn a thing or two from someone else.

            Posted by mabb July 18, 2008 5:51 AM

              Well, I'm not sure it's "OK" for the US/UK to be friendly to undemocratic regimes, either.

              Of course, that's why I put seemingly in brackets. It's not OK at all.

              I understand the realpolitik of the situation, why Bolivia is friendly with Cuba and Iran, it's just a pity they picked such distasteful regimes to align themselves with. Venezuela makes a natural ally and despite intimations to the contrary have provided Bolivia with a lot of no-strings support (in the sense that USAID and IMF funding is very much "strings-attached").

              Shanqueros makes good points. Considering the source of these allegations - and the fantastical element surrounding them - they can be dismissed unless something substantial arrives.

              Posted by Steve July 18, 2008 9:02 AM

                I think I agree w/ you, Steve. I just wanted to be crystal clear. Otherwise, I get accused of being a closet Dick Cheney fan or something by those who assume that if I'm "not w/ them, I'm w/ the enemy." Etc.

                Posted by mcentellas July 18, 2008 10:27 AM

                  I think I agree w/ you, Steve. I just wanted to be crystal clear. Otherwise, I get accused of being a closet Dick Cheney fan or something by those who assume that if I'm "not w/ them, I'm w/ the enemy." Etc.

                  I am a closet Dick Cheney fan, in the sense that I think the way he deals in politics is darkly hilarious, and would be completely unacceptable in any answerable democracy. For instance, the fact that his Vice Presidents office never explains itself, ever. They have (I believe almost continuously) responded with "no comment" to practically every single request for information or response to an ongoing issue. And the fact that Scooter Libby was "working alone". Comical comical stuff.

                  In saying that, my face is still in a state of shock in the classy and magnanimous way he deals with his daughter's homosexuality. Outside of that, he is the prince of darkness.

                  As for Lynne Cheney, she can terrorist fist-jab me anytime she likes. Little minx.

                  Posted by Steve July 18, 2008 11:01 AM

                    MABB I am sorry that I was unable to single-handedly disprove a Chavez-Morales secret pact to develop a guerrilla force in Bolivia. Please wait for my forthcoming disseration on the subject in about five years. I admitted that I did not know a lot about the Nava incident, but I am skeptical of what Miguel presented and the way he presented it.

                    Yes, the DC center is biased, as is everyone. And allegations are allegations, but there are varying degrees and one must try to evaluate the severity of the bias and the strength of the supporting evidence. The DC post was fairly objective and as I noted even the usual DC haters who rip every post agreed with that one. I am not going to go around again on the Bolivian press, which is clearly anti-Morales. And I don't think that it is the ideal alternative as you suggest. Nonetheless, I check many of the papers daily and there is much information to be found, and insights to be made from what is lacking, too.

                    I would love to see any sources you have on the Rental car allegation. Let me guess Tuto announced the rental car evidence in an interview with El Deber. :) That is a joke...

                    So, I found Miguel's post worrisome, and perhaps I did not place enough stock in his "fantastical" qualifier, but he, in my huble opinion, implied that the Nava allegations were credible. I don't think that whether one agrees with or discounts Chavez connections depends on your political orientation. I hope that people can still take a critical look at what the evidence and analyze the situation, which is what I tried to do.

                    Miguel, yes North Korea is a mess but economic development can happen quite quickly and emerging markets can be the most profitable, albeit the most risky too. Also, I think the move is part of a more general effort by Bolivia to engage Asia, which is hungry for Bolivia's natural resources. Interaction with North Korea will naturally have a spill-over with neighboring Asian countries, which I do not think share the US's view of N. Korea as a completely pariah state. In any event you are right there is not a lot of be gained in the short-term, but I am not sure Bolivia loses much either. Unless you buy the Citizen X-type conspriacy whereby Bolivia is on its way to supplying Iran and N. Korea with uranium. Yeah, right! I do think that Bolivia, or South America in general have their own adept counterfeiters who would not appreciate N. Korean competition. :)

                    Cheney would make a great mob boss.

                    Posted by Miguel de los Shanqueros July 18, 2008 1:09 PM

                      Oh, it already turns out that the rental car stuff is probably nothing. Nava had rented a car from a rental agency that frequently rented to Venezuelan embassy personnel. But I've (as of yet) seen no direct evidence that the Venezuelan embassy paid for Nava's car rental (or, if they did, that it was for illicit purposes). Sorry, I can't find the links now. But it was all in La Razón over the last several days.

                      Posted by mcentellas July 18, 2008 1:26 PM

                        Also, yes, I did find the allegations of Venezuelan complicity in the Nava case to be *credible*. But note that credibility is not the same thing as probability. I think it's credible to think that Chavez would support such activity in Bolivia (he's supported the FARC, after all). But whether he supported this particular act is another matter. And I'm being skeptical even in the face of Nava's confession.

                        Posted by mcentellas July 18, 2008 1:31 PM

                          One last note on my use of Bolivian newspapers are "sources" for information. I don't much care about their bias. What I'm interested in is what is being reported. For a small country, Bolivia has a host of news media.

                          And though most Bolivians get their news from radio and/or television, newspapers are very influential. And they're a more "permanent" record. Also, even if people don't purchase papers, the various kiosks around the city that sell them have numerous different papers (at least the front sections) open for passers by to read. So a lot of Bolivians (in cities) get some news from these forms of "information distribution."

                          Again, I'm less interested in the accuracy of the reporting, than I am in the information that is being consumed by Bolivians. I'm interested in the public political discourse that is presented for mass consumption.

                          Posted by mcentellas July 18, 2008 1:35 PM

                            You can remove the permanent ink with gas or fingernail polish remover.

                            Posted by dv July 18, 2008 1:43 PM

                              The articles I read said that the car that Nava used was rented to Venezuelan embassy for a week. The document also said that Nava was to be the chauffeur.

                              Posted by Julio July 18, 2008 1:59 PM

                                Shanqueros: As you should. Skeptical is good, critical is better!

                                Steve: I don't think these allegations should be outright (my emphasis) dismissed, as you suggest. I think they should be taken for what they are, and nothing more. Allegations are just that allegations, until they get proved. An investigation (serious, that is) should follow. Let's see, what comes out of that. Although, I am afraid, the political war has already tainted whatever evidence there was.

                                BTW, I did read an article in La Razon, where they reported the leader of the opposition in the Senate had shown those contracts to the press.

                                Look here
                                here

                                Posted by mabb July 18, 2008 5:15 PM

                                  Miguel De Los S -

                                  Gas exports from Bolivia to North Korea would have to go through Chile.

                                  Do you remember what happened in 2003?

                                  Posted by Frank IBC July 18, 2008 10:08 PM

                                    North Korea isn't "emerging" any time this decade, not as long as Kim Jong-Il (and his family) are still in power.

                                    It's kind of hard to create an emerging economy when there's starvation on a massive scale.

                                    Posted by Frank IBC July 18, 2008 10:11 PM

                                      It's kind of hard to create an emerging economy when there's starvation on a massive scale.

                                      Whoops. There's a guy who doesn't know his 20th century United States history. Isn't Grapes of Wrath on the curriculum over there?

                                      Posted by Steve July 21, 2008 6:59 AM

                                        The Okies didn't "create an emerging economy" in Oklahoma. They abandoned the Dust Bowl and migrated to California. What do you suggest that the North Koreans do? They're not allowed to leave.

                                        Posted by Frank IBC July 21, 2008 10:06 AM

                                          @Steve: The comparison to the Oklahoma "dust bowl" in an interesting one. But Amartya Sen would offer up this little nugget: There was no *FAMINE* (the key word). Sen's argument that famines are not supply problems, but rather distributions problems, and that no democracy has ever had a famine is still a powerful one. North Korea today is in famine, w/ roughly a quarter of its total population starving. While the Great Depression (which includes the dust bowl) had a strong impact on the US, it didn't cause a widespread famine. Also, your argument contains a kernel of truth: The economy in the US did *NOT* grow during this period, but rather contracted heavily. It took the full-scale mobilization of a world war (nothing cuts the unemployment rate like mass conscription) to really cut into Depression era economic woes.

                                          Posted by mcentellas July 21, 2008 10:11 AM

                                            Yes, the major difference between the Dust Bowl and North Korea is that the former was a natural disaster, while the one in North Korea was a man-made one, created by the policies of an oppressive government. The Dust Bowl was created by a severe drought in a steppe region, while North Korea has a moist climate similar to the eastern USA. South Korea has many more people than North Korea but has no problems feeding all its people.

                                            I'm really surprised that Steve would try to use such a bad analogy.

                                            Posted by Frank IBC July 21, 2008 10:28 AM

                                              Frank... I don't think gas exports inherently have to go through Chile, and gas is not Bolivia's only export. I also never said that N. Korea would emerge any time soon.

                                              Also I would also like to add my own speculation to the Venezuela related conspiracy theories, there is evidence that Chavez is actually aligned with the media luna and they want to kill Evo.

                                              http://lostiempos.com/noticias/21-07-08/ultimas_nac.php

                                              Posted by Miguel de los Shanqueros July 21, 2008 12:37 PM

                                                @Shanqueros: Are you kidding me? First, I've seen no one argue (let alone present evidence) that Chavez is aligned w/ the media luna against Evo (if anything, it's clear that Chavez is a staunch supporter of Evo's government). Nor is such evidence suggested in the link you provide (which only states that a Venezuelan military vehicle that was supposed to carry Evo crashed). And even conspiracy prone Walker San Miguel doesn't suggest foul play, only that a helicopter crashed. And it crashed in the hills of Cochabamba. I think you may've misread the article.

                                                Now, I'll concede that this could be fishy (a crashed presidential helicopter?). But aircraft do crash quite frequently in Bolivia, sadly. Though, again, why does Evo regularly travel in Venezuelan military craft, rather than Bolivian ones? If anything, that says something.

                                                Posted by mcentellas July 21, 2008 1:29 PM

                                                  Miguel De Los S.:

                                                  Well, North Korea is probably desperate enough that there is probably a market for used Bolivian "transformer" taxis. And Bolivia can also offer the North Koreans coca and ch'ullos to make the famine a little more bearable.

                                                  Miguel C.:

                                                  Do you know in what part of Cochabama department the crash was? The mention of Tarija confused me at first, too, on my first read I had thought that the crash was there.

                                                  Posted by Frank IBC July 21, 2008 1:54 PM

                                                    I was kidding about the Chavez conspiracy thing Miguel...

                                                    Posted by Miguel de los Shanqueros July 21, 2008 1:55 PM

                                                      @Frank: I don't know where the crash happened. But it was somewhere between Cochabamba (I think the city?) & the city of Cobija (in Pando). So probably somewhere in the Chapare (which is a north-central province of Cochabamba).

                                                      @Shanqueros: Whew. Glad to see you were kidding. You had me really worried there for a second.

                                                      Posted by mcentellas July 21, 2008 2:09 PM

                                                        Sorry, I meant Cobija, not Tarija. Or "Blanket, Bulging", as Babelfish so delightfully translates it.

                                                        Posted by Frank IBC July 21, 2008 2:34 PM

                                                          Frank, I am familiar with your Bolivia bashing and negative comments from the DC blog. Would it kill you to actually comment in agreement rather than always arguing. Have you ever heard of soy beans? They grow a lot of them in Santa Cruz. How about beef? Those so, on a long list, of Bolivian exports that could find markets abroad. But I like your coca idea... even though I know you hate that aspect of Bolivia too.

                                                          Posted by Miguel de los Shanqueros July 21, 2008 4:49 PM

                                                            Apparently Miguel de los S. thinks that "MAS" and "Bolivia" are one and the same thing, hence his silly accusation of "Bolivia bashing".

                                                            I'm neutral with regards to coca. I neither demonize it, nor romanicize it. I think the drug war is a silly, and costly and deadly, waste of time.

                                                            And I notice that Miguel de los S. is still avoiding the question that, of all the 180+ countries in the world which could be potential allies, why does Evo decide to pick North Korea, of all them? It's obvious that this choice is purely ideological, without an eye to actual benefits it would bring to Bolivians.

                                                            Posted by Frank IBC July 21, 2008 5:44 PM

                                                              I don't think making patronizing comments about Bolivia's limited exports is directed at MAS Frank, but I am glad that your actions support my earlier point about your inability to write anything positive, or at least constructive. You're more thoughtful analysis of coca here contradicts statements you have made on the DC blog, along with your buddy Norman.

                                                              We will agree to disagree on the North Korea issue, but I think I stated repeatedly that the short-term benefits of reaching out to N. Korea are nil, and I admitted that part of the purpose might have been to snub the U.S. Though I guess according to your analysis the U.S. snubbed itself because they have not maintained the position that N. Korea should be totally isolated.

                                                              Posted by Miguel de los Shanqueros July 21, 2008 6:11 PM

                                                                Miguel de los S -

                                                                I'm sorry that I can't find anything "positive" or "constructive" to say about MAS and Evo. There is a reason for that - I feel that they have been an unmitigated disaster for Bolivia. I tend to be a bit more cheerful and "constructive" when I am writing about subjects not directly related to Evo and MAS. Unlike you, I am able to separate the concepts of "Bolivia" and "MAS".

                                                                Also, you haven't been reading the comments at the DC very carefully sif you think that Norman and I (supposedly acting in conspiracy with each other) are the only two posters who feel the need to counter the misinformation that is posted on that relentlessly pro-MAS blog.

                                                                Also, there is nothing inconsistent between my post here on coca and my posts over there - I'm curious as to why you believe that it is.

                                                                Posted by Frank IBC July 21, 2008 8:50 PM

                                                                  OK, the crash was near Colomi. East rather than north of the city.

                                                                  A buddy and I got stranded there when our bus broke down last year. Thank God for micros.

                                                                  Posted by Frank IBC July 22, 2008 3:54 PM


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